Resumen
Sensors and actuators are fundamental units in Cyber?Physical and Internet of Things systems. Because they are included in a variety of systems, using many technologies, it is very useful to characterize their functions abstractly by describing them as Abstract Entity Patterns (AEPs), which are patterns that describe abstract conceptual entities. From AEPs, we can derive concrete patterns; a structure combining related AEPs is an Entity Solution Frame (ESF). This paper concentrates on the functional aspects of these devices and defines conceptual units that can be used to design any system that requires sensors and actuators; that is, almost any Cyber?Physical system. For concreteness, we explore them in this study in the context of autonomous cars. An autonomous car is a complex system because, in addition to its own complex design, it interacts with other vehicles and with the surrounding infrastructure. To handle these functions, it must incorporate various technologies from different sources. An autonomous car is an example of a Cyber?Physical System, where some of its functions are performed via Internet of Things units. Sensors are extensively used in autonomous cars to measure physical quantities; actuators are commanded by controllers to perform appropriate physical actions. Both sensors and actuators are susceptible to malicious attacks due to the large attack surface of the system in which they are used. Our work is intended to make autonomous cars more secure, which also increases their safety. Our final objective is to build a Security Solution Frame for sensors and actuators of autonomous cars that will facilitate their secure design. A Security Solution Frame is a solution structure that groups together and organizes related security patterns.