Resumen
Isothiazolones have been widely applied as non-oxidizing biocides to prevent biofouling of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. However, few studies have investigated suitable RO concentrate treatments to remove these biocides. This study evaluated the adsorption behavior of four isothiazolone biocides, 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (MIT), 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CMIT), 1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one (BIT), and 2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (OIT), by powdered activated carbon (PAC). Isothiazolones adsorption was found to obey pseudo second-order kinetics. Langmuir adsorption isotherms were more suitable to simulation of the adsorption effects than Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption amount followed the order OIT > BIT > CMIT > MIT, in accordance with the isothiazolones octanol/water partition coefficients (Kow), indicating that hydrophobicity is the main factor for influencing adsorption amounts. Following normalization with Kow, the amounts of isothiazolones adsorbed at equilibrium and normalized aqueous concentrations showed a linear relationship in a log-linear form. 1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one is anionic at high pH, and difficult to adsorb, while neutral BIT is more likely to be adsorbed. Textile reverse osmosis concentrate had an adverse effect on MIT, CMIT and BIT adsorption, but little effect on adsorption of OIT, which has a high log Kow value. There was competition between organics and isothiazolones for PAC adsorption sites, which influenced the adsorption efficiency.