Process and Product Change Management as a Predictor and Innovative Solution for Company Performance: A Case Study on the Optimization Process in the Automotive Industry
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Avoiding inappropriate changes;
- Reducing the negative effects of change demands;
- Early detection of engineering changes;
- Streamlining the urgent change request process.
2. Materials and Methods
- For company A, there were 215 registrations between April 2018 and December 2020;
- For company B, there were 734 registrations between July 2020 and January 2023.In addition, economic indicators were collected from a national internet page (www.listafirme.ro) (accessed on 30 January 2023) [23].The variables used in the study are both categorical and continuous, mentioning for each categorical variable the codification used by the authors for the statistical software SPSS 23.0 (this step is necessary for statistical analysis of all the variables as nominal and/or ordinal express in words and to facilitate the applications of statistical methods through the specific software) as follows:
- Categorical variables (expressed by words, namely also qualitative/“dummy” variables):
- ○
- The month of proposal, the planned month for implementing, and the effective implementation month of change requests were assigned the following SPSS codes: 1, January; 2, February; …; 12, December.
- ○
- The year of proposal, the year for implementing, and the year of effective implementation of change requests were assigned the following SPSS codes: 1, 2018; 2, 2019; 3, 2020; 4, 2021; 5, 2022; 6, 2023.
- ○
- The change request statuses were assigned the following SPSS codes: 10, preparation; 11, canceled; 20, manager approval; 22, planning phase; 24, validation phase; 30, start implementation; 40, local confirmation for implementation; 44, global confirmation for implementation; 48, closed.
- ○
- The types of processes proposed for change were assigned the following SPSS codes: 1, engineering change and 2, correction.
- ○
- The number of days from creation to planning of change requests and the number of days from planning to effective implementation of change requests were assigned the following SPSS codes: 1, <10 days; 2, 11–20 days; 3, 21–30 days; 4, 31–50 days; 5, 51–100 days; 6, 101–200 days; 7, 201–300 days; 8, >300 days.
- ○
- Customer involvement in a change request was assigned the following SPSS codes: 1, yes or 2, no.
- Continuous variables (expressed by numbers, namely also quantitative/numerical variables) for all the economic indicators for the last five years, i.e., 2017–2021, were as follows: turnover, net profit, own capital, number of employees, debts, and fixed assets (all of these indicators in Romanian lei).
- The average number of days from creation/initiation to planning of change requests.
- The average number of days from planning to effective implementation of change requests.
- Statistically significant differences (only for Company A these data were collected being available) according to whether or not customers are implicated in the change process, referring to the average number of days from creation/initiation to planning of change request and the average number of days from planning to effective implementation of a change request.
- In addition, although both companies are active in the automotive industry and have some similarities, the ANOVA test was applied to verify if the data have (or not) important variations around mean values, and whether or not these variations are statistically significant between companies for all the economic performance indicators.
3. Results
- For company A, in 2018 from a total of 51 proposals, 45% of the change requests were planned and 14% of the change requests were implemented; the situation is much better in 2019 and in 2020, by increasing the number of effectively implemented change requests and including the previous change requests from 2018.
- For company B, the situation is more equilibrated, although the number of change requests is superior compared with Company A.
- Regarding the number of days from creation to planning of a change request, for company A, the numbers of days between creation and planning are mostly (25%) approximately 101–200 days followed by 51–100 days (16%), 201–300 days (15%), and over 300 days (14%); for company B, the numbers of days are mostly under 10 days (58%) followed by 11–20 days (27%).
- For the number of days from planning to effective implementation of a change request, for company A, the extremes for the number of days between planning and effective implementation are equal at 36%, respectively, under 10 days and above 300 days, followed by the interval of 101–200 days (20%); for company B, the numbers of days between planning and implementation are in the intervals 11–20 days (51%) followed by 21–30 days (35%).
- For company A: (1) Increasing the type of process proposed for change by one unit (from 1 (engineering change) to 2 (corrections)), the status of the change request increases 5.880 units, practically approaching the final status, “closed”; (2) increasing the number of days from planning to effective implementation of a change request by one unit (practically the interval of these days, from <10 days to more than 300 days), the status of the change request increases 2.776 units, practically approaching the final status, “closed”;
- For company B: (1) Increasing the type of process proposed for change by one unit (from 1 (engineering change) to 2 (corrections)), the status of change request increases 1.139 units, practically approaching the final status, “closed”; (2) increasing the number of days from planning to effective implementation of a change request by one unit (practically the interval of these days, from <10 days to more than 300 days), the change request status decreases 0.940 units.
4. Discussion
4.1. Process and Product Change Management
4.2. An Innovative Solution for Change Management as a Predictor of Company Performance: The PCI® Method
- Formulation of the “shared change purpose” of the current situation, i.e., expected results following the transformation, followed by communication within the organization, so that the employees involved are convinced of the need for change;
- “Effective change leadership”, i.e., creating a network of competent and responsible change leaders;
- Implementation of a “powerful engagement process”, i.e., communication, reward, and development activities to increase the involvement of all employees;
- Committed local sponsors, i.e., middle and line managers who have the skills and motivation to act as role models for their employees;
- Strong personal connection, i.e., models that implement concrete strategies to increase engagement and to develop the skills of their own employees;
- Sustained personal performance, i.e., middle and line managers who are empowered to help their employees implement change so that they fully and effectively embrace it.
4.3. Change Management and Company Performance
- The automotive sector must restructure its research and development organization. While R&D departments currently follow a fairly strict approach, a more streamlined approach may be the answer to the high frequency of innovations expected by customers and regulators.
- Since future innovations will be largely driven by the software that controls the car and the interactions with the passengers, iterative and incremental development and release cycles can also enable this customer experience and product improvements can be made with very high frequency, giving the customer multiple chances to “re-experience” again and again. This can also lead to greater customer loyalty as the customer can install personal “app-like” solutions.
4.4. Limits, Advantages, and Disadvantages of Process and Product Change Management in the Automotive Industry
- Advantages: (a) An optimized process reduces production costs, increases productivity, and decreases resource wastage; (b) errors and defects are eliminated, leading to reliable and high-quality products; (c) the process contributes to the development of an advanced safety system and improvement of product performance; (d) the process stimulates research and development of new and innovative technologies; (e) by adopting an optimized process the company increases the degree of competitiveness.
- Disadvantages: (a) initiating and implementing a new process may require significant investment in technologies, specialized human resources and advanced equipment; (b) the process can be complex and take a longer period of time to implement; (c) some employees may be reluctant to change or have difficulty adapting to new methods; (d) to successfully manage the process, training and specialization of employees may be required; (e) errors can occur during implementation that can have a huge impact on the final product.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Company A | Company B |
---|---|---|
The field of activity for Romanian branch | Mobility Solutions: Chassis Control Systems and Propulsion Systems (CC–PS) | The manufacture of electrical and electronic equipment for motor vehicles and motor vehicle engines |
The number of employees (for 2021) | 3040 | 3682 |
Head office | Stuttgart (Germany) | Hanover (Germany) |
The type of certification | ISO 9001 | ISO 14001 |
Start date of activity in Romania | 19 September 2006 | 10 June 2005 |
The mean number of yearly changes | 70 | 240 |
Turnover (for 2021)—in million lei | 2,719,582.6 | 3,361,428.4 |
Year | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Performance Indicators | ||||||
Company A | ||||||
Turnover | 1,772,494,278 | 2,245,269,652 | 2,642,519,314 | 2,384,450,466 | 2,719,582,643 | |
Net profit | 75,536,047 | 131,317,375 | 104,699,652 | 5,525,460 | 67,059,975 | |
Own capital | 278,241,373 | 407,843,613 | 514,112,683 | 518,776,213 | 585,836,188 | |
The number of employees | 2718 | 3209 | 3269 | 3006 | 3040 | |
Debts | 719,133,992 | 790,444,495 | 757,731,299 | 772,423,357 | 733,595,299 | |
Fixed assets | 619,127,854 | 749,578,670 | 789,028,236 | 723,823,357 | 693,030,091 | |
Company B | ||||||
Turnover | 3,769,456,584 | 4,292,798,906 | 4,097,920,130 | 3,549,865,965 | 3,361,428,353 | |
Net profit | 59,103,202 | 852,506,056 | 134,188,496 | 225,919,057 | −244,172,664 | |
Own capital | 990,543,637 | 1,849,238,824 | 1,983,427,320 | 2,209,346,377 | 1,976,488,993 | |
Number of employees | 3341 | 3881 | 3890 | 3718 | 3682 | |
Debts | 1,159,496,262 | 1,001,313,179 | 915,120,917 | 1,034,944,775 | 1,630,408,279 | |
Fixed assets | 1,619,664,158 | 2,010,338,748 | 2,168,836,425 | 2,320,589,143 | 2,667,134,091 |
Indicators | Company A | Company B |
---|---|---|
Turnover (in Romanian lei) | 2,352,863,270.6 ± 376,757,888.7 (1,772,494,278–2,719,582,643) | 3,814,293,987.6 ± 382,893,784 (3,361,428,353–4,292,798,906) |
Net profit (in Romanian lei) | 76,827,701.8 ± 47,241,551.19 ((5,525,460–131,317,375) | 205,508,829.4 ± 402,416,647 (−244,172,664–852,506,056) |
Own capital (in Romanian lei) | 460,962,014 ± 120,384,209.6 (278,241,373–585,836,188) | 1,801,809,030.2 ± 471,695,374 (990,543,637–2,209,346,377) |
The number of employees | 3,048.4 ± 215.342 (2718–3269) | 3,702.4 ± 222.689 (3341–3890) |
Debts (in Romanian lei) | 754,665,688.4 ± 28,772,028.62 (719,133,992–790444495) | 1,148,256,682.4 ± 283,452,270 (915,120,917–1,630,408,279) |
Fixed assets (in Romanian lei) | 714,917,641.6 ± 64,085,542.71 (619,127,854–789,028,236) | 2,157,312,513 ± 386,450,883 (1,619,664,158–2,667,134,091) |
Turnover per employee (in Romanian lei) | 769,599.55 ± 95,358.699 (652132−894600) | 1,031,102.43 ± 94,007.845 (912,935–1,128,242) |
Net profit per employee (in Romanian lei) | 199,435.67 ± 388,880.289 (1838–894,600) | 53,259.17 ± 104,476.410 (−66,315–219,661) |
Debts per employee (in Romanian lei) | 248,194.19 ± 12,896.237 (231,793–264,582) | 312,293.97 ± 84,077.189 (235,250–442,805) |
Sum of Squares * | df | Mean Square * | F | Sig. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Turnover | Between groups | 5,339,449,351,477.000 | 1 | 5,339,449,351,477.000 | 37.008 | 0.000 |
Within groups | 1,154,216,627,304.000 | 8 | 144,277,078,413.000 | |||
Total | 6,493,665,978,782.000 | 9 | ||||
Net profit | Between groups | 403,655,124,023.000 | 1 | 403,655,124,023.000 | 0.518 | 0.492 |
Within groups | 6,233,566,658,353.000 | 8 | 779,195,832,294.000 | |||
Total | 6,637,221,782,376.000 | 9 | ||||
Own capital | Between groups | 4,494,676,802,131.000 | 1 | 44,94,676,802,131.000 | 37.932 | 0.000 |
Within groups | 947,955,536,899.000 | 8 | 118,494,442,112.000 | |||
Total | 54,426,323,390,310.000 | 9 | ||||
The number of employees | Between groups | 1.000 | 1 | 1.000 | 22.286 | 0.002 |
Within groups | 0.383850400 | 8 | 0.0.00 | |||
Total | 1.400 | 9 | ||||
Debts | Between groups | 387,284,676,394.000 | 1 | 387,284,676,394.000 | 9.542 | 0.015 |
Within groups | 324,692,075,434.000 | 8 | 40,586,509,429.000 | |||
Total | 711,976,751,829.000 | 9 | ||||
Fixed assets | Between groups | 5,201,257,412,602.000 | 1 | 5,201,257,412,602.000 | 67.790 | 0.000 |
Within groups | 61,380,4968,217.000 | 8 | 76,725,621,027.000 | |||
Total | 5,815,062,380,819.000 | 9 | ||||
Turnover/employee | Between groups | 170,959.244 | 1 | 17,095.244 | 19.069 | 0.002 |
Within groups | 71,723.404 | 8 | 896.176 | |||
Total | 242,682.648 | 9 | ||||
Net profit/employee | Between groups | 53,418.956 | 1 | 53,418.956 | 0.659 | 0.440 |
Within groups | 648,572.978 | 8 | 81,071.622 | |||
Total | 7,019,912.934 | 9 | ||||
Debts/employee | Between groups | 10,271.798 | 1 | 10,271.798 | 2.839 | 0.130 |
Within groups | 28,941.245 | 8 | 3617.906 | |||
Total | 39,213.043 | 9 |
Month | The Month of Proposal/Initiation of Change Request | Planned Month for Implementing Change Request | The Month for Effective Implementation Month of Change Request | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Company A | Company B | Company A | Company B | Company A | Company B | |||||||
% | % | % | % | % | % | |||||||
January | 16 | 7.4 | 72 | 9.8 | 23 | 10.7 | 75 | 10.2 | 11 | 5.1 | 61 | 8.3 |
February | 19 | 8.8 | 73 | 9.9 | 14 | 6.5 | 64 | 8.7 | 7 | 3.3 | 75 | 10.2 |
March | 20 | 9.3 | 72 | 9.8 | 14 | 6.5 | 70 | 9.5 | 8 | 3.7 | 77 | 10.5 |
April | 19 | 8.8 | 40 | 5.4 | 16 | 7.4 | 46 | 6.3 | 8 | 3.7 | 37 | 5.0 |
May | 15 | 7.0 | 53 | 7.2 | 26 | 12.1 | 55 | 7.5 | 12 | 5.6 | 62 | 8.4 |
June | 20 | 9.3 | 63 | 8.6 | 14 | 6.5 | 57 | 7.8 | 15 | 7.0 | 52 | 7.1 |
July | 28 | 13.0 | 75 | 10.2 | 27 | 12.6 | 76 | 10.4 | 26 | 12.1 | 72 | 9.8 |
August | 16 | 7.4 | 44 | 6.0 | 24 | 11.2 | 50 | 6.8 | 16 | 7.4 | 54 | 7.4 |
September | 16 | 7.4 | 53 | 7.2 | 9 | 4.2 | 54 | 7.4 | 27 | 12.6 | 50 | 6.8 |
October | 19 | 8.8 | 68 | 9.3 | 14 | 6.5 | 65 | 8.9 | 24 | 11.2 | 64 | 8.7 |
November | 12 | 5.6 | 54 | 7.4 | 11 | 5.1 | 55 | 7.5 | 36 | 16.7 | 58 | 7.9 |
December | 15 | 7.0 | 67 | 9.1 | 23 | 10.7 | 66 | 9.0 | 25 | 11.6 | 71 | 9.7 |
Total | 215 | 100.0 | 734 | 100.0 | 215 | 100.0 | 734 | 100.0 | 215 | 100.0 | 734 | 100.0 |
Intervals | The Number of Days from Creation to Planning of Change Requests | The Number of Days from Planning to Effective Implementation of Change Requests | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Company A | Company B | Company A | Company B | |||||
% | % | % | % | |||||
<10 days | 10 | 4.7 | 422 | 57.5 | 78 | 36.3 | 5 | 0.7 |
11–20 days | 23 | 10.7 | 196 | 26.7 | 11 | 5.1 | 371 | 50.5 |
21–30 days | 10 | 4.7 | 72 | 9.8 | 11 | 5.1 | 253 | 34.5 |
31–50 days | 21 | 9.8 | 29 | 4.0 | 11 | 5.1 | 82 | 11.2 |
51–100 days | 34 | 15.8 | 10 | 1.4 | 29 | 13.5 | 18 | 2.5 |
101–200 days | 54 | 25.1 | 2 | 0.3 | 42 | 19.5 | 2 | 0.3 |
201–300 days | 32 | 14.9 | 0 | 0 | 33 | 15.3 | 1 | 0.1 |
>300 days | 31 | 14.4 | 2 | 0.3 | 78 | 36.3 | 2 | 0.3 |
Total | 215 | 100.0 | 734 | 100.0 | 215 | 100.0 | 734 | 100.0 |
Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances | t-Test for Equality of Means | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | Sig. | t | df | Sig. (2-tailed) | Mean Difference | Std. Error Difference | 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference | |||
Lower | Upper | |||||||||
The number of days from creation to planning of change requests | Equal variances assumed | 214.384 | 0.000 | 35.875 | 946 | 0.000 | 3.614 | 0.101 | 3.416 | 3.812 |
Equal variances not assumed | 25.367 | 245.209 | 0.000 | 3.614 | 0.142 | 3.333 | 3.894 | |||
The number of days from planning to effective implementation of change requests | Equal variances assumed | 1099.907 | 0.000 | 10.098 | 947 | 0.000 | 1.075 | 0.106 | 0.866 | 1.284 |
Equal variances not assumed | 6.437 | 230.443 | 0.000 | 1.075 | 0.167 | 0.746 | 1.404 |
Null Hypothesis | Test | Sig. | Decision | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | The distribution of the month of proposal/initiation of request for change is the same across categories Company A/Company B | Independent Samples Mann–Whitney U Test | 0.873 | Retain the null hypothesis |
2 | The distribution of planned month for implementing of request for change is the same across categories Company A/Company B | Independent Samples Mann–Whitney U Test | 0.975 | Retain the null hypothesis |
3 | The distribution of effective implementation month of proposal/initiation of request for change is the same across categories Company A/Company B | Independent Samples Mann–Whitney U Test | 0.000 | Reject the null hypothesis |
4 | The distribution of status of change request is the same across categories Company A/Company B | Independent Samples Mann–Whitney U Test | 0.000 | Reject the null hypothesis |
Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | Sig. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The number of days from creation to planning of change request | Between groups | 112.283 | 1 | 112.283 | 31.493 | 0.000 |
Within groups | 759.410 | 213 | 3.565 | |||
Total | 871.693 | 214 | ||||
The number of days from planning to effective implementation of change request | Between groups | 7.720 | 1 | 7.720 | 1.338 | 0.249 |
Within groups | 1229.210 | 213 | 5.771 | |||
Total | 1236.930 | 214 |
ANOVA a | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Company | Model | Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | Sig. | |
Company A | 1 | Regression | 11,119.494 | 6 | 1853.249 | 19.031 | 0.000 b |
Residual | 20,254.878 | 208 | 97.379 | ||||
Total | 31,374.372 | 214 | |||||
Company B | 2 | Regression | 1084.293 | 6 | 180.715 | 6.496 | 0.000 c |
Residual | 20,114.919 | 723 | 27.821 | ||||
Total | 21,199.212 | 729 |
Model a | Unstandardized Coefficients | Standardized Coefficients | t | Sig. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | Std. Error | Beta | ||||
Company A | (Constant) | 23.640 | 5.118 | 4.619 | 0.000 | |
The month of proposal/initiation of a request for change | −0.033 | 0.209 | −0.009 | −0.157 | 0.876 | |
Planned month for implementing a request for change | −0.104 | 0.232 | −0.029 | −0.448 | 0.655 | |
The effective implementation month of a request for change | 0.122 | 0.238 | 0.032 | 0.510 | 0.610 | |
The type of the process proposed for change | 5.880 | 1.691 | 0.243 | 3.476 | 0.001 | |
Number of days from creation to planning of a change request | −0.091 | 0.420 | −0.015 | −0.217 | 0.829 | |
Number of days from planning to effective implementation of change request | 2.766 | 0.304 | 0.549 | 9.105 | 0.000 | |
Company B | (Constant) | 39.895 | 1.065 | 37.458 | 0.000 | |
The month of proposal/initiation of a request for change | 0.073 | 0.163 | 0.048 | 0.447 | 0.655 | |
Planned month for implementing a request for change | −0.171 | 0.152 | −0.113 | −1.126 | 0.260 | |
The effective implementation month of a request for change | 0.108 | 0.138 | 0.071 | 0.781 | 0.435 | |
The type of the process proposed for change | 1.139 | 0.416 | 0.100 | 2.741 | 0.006 | |
Number of days from creation to planning of change request | −0.940 | 0.269 | −0.173 | −3.489 | 0.001 | |
Number of days from planning to effective implementation of a change request | −0.142 | 0.312 | −0.023 | −0.455 | 0.649 |
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Pop, B.O.; Popescu, C.; Gabor, M.R. Process and Product Change Management as a Predictor and Innovative Solution for Company Performance: A Case Study on the Optimization Process in the Automotive Industry. Appl. Syst. Innov. 2023, 6, 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi6050075
Pop BO, Popescu C, Gabor MR. Process and Product Change Management as a Predictor and Innovative Solution for Company Performance: A Case Study on the Optimization Process in the Automotive Industry. Applied System Innovation. 2023; 6(5):75. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi6050075
Chicago/Turabian StylePop (Uifălean), Bianca Oana, Catalin Popescu, and Manuela Rozalia Gabor. 2023. "Process and Product Change Management as a Predictor and Innovative Solution for Company Performance: A Case Study on the Optimization Process in the Automotive Industry" Applied System Innovation 6, no. 5: 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi6050075