Redirigiendo al acceso original de articulo en 18 segundos...
ARTÍCULO
TITULO

Quantification and Analysis of Micro-Level Activities Data from Children Aged 1?12 Years Old for Use in the Assessments of Exposure to Recycled Tire on Turf and Playgrounds

Nicolas Lopez-Galvez    
Jocelyn Claude    
Patty Wong    
Asa Bradman    
Carly Hyland    
Rosemary Castorina    
Robert A. Canales    
Dean Billheimer    
Elmira Torabzadeh    
James O. Leckie and Paloma I. Beamer    

Resumen

Background: There are growing health concerns about exposure to toxicants released from recycled tire rubber, which is commonly used in synthetic turf and playground mats. To better estimate children?s exposure and risk from recycled tire rubber used in synthetic turf and playground mats, there is a need to collect detailed accurate information on mouthing activity and dermal contact behaviors. The objective of this study was to quantify and analyze micro-level activity time series (MLATS) data from children aged 1?12 years old while playing (non-sport-related games) at turf-like locations and playgrounds. Another objective was to estimate the incidental ingestion rate of rubber crumb among children. Methods: Hand and mouth contact frequency, hourly duration, and median contact duration with different objects were calculated for children playing on turf (i.e., parks, lawns, and gardens) (n = 56) and for children playing on playground structures (n = 24). Statistically significant differences between males and females as well as children?s age groups were evaluated. The daily incidental ingestion rate of rubber crumb was calculated. Results: For children playing on turf, there were significant differences between younger (1?6 y) and older (7?12 y) children for the mouthing median duration with non-dietary objects and all objects. For children playing on playground structures, we found significant mouthing frequency differences between younger (1?6 y) and older children (7?12 y) with all objects, and for mouthing median duration with non-dietary objects. There were no significant differences between males and females playing on artificial turf-like surfaces or playground mats. Our estimated mean incidental ingestion rate was 0.08, 0.07, and 0.08 g rubber crumb/day for children <2, 2?6, and 6?11 years old, respectively. Discussion: our results suggest that age and contact duration should be considered in risk assessment models to evaluate mouthing activities when children are playing on artificial turf surfaces or playground mats.

 Artículos similares

       
 
Isaac Larbi, Fabien C. C. Hountondji, Thompson Annor, Wilson Agyei Agyare, John Mwangi Gathenya and Joshua Amuzu    
This study examined the trends in annual rainfall and temperature extremes over the Vea catchment for the period 1985–2016, using quality-controlled stations and a high resolution (5 km) Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station (CH... ver más
Revista: Climate

 
Rogert Sorí, Raquel Nieto, Anita Drumond and Luis Gimeno    
The Niger River basin (NRB) is located in the important climatic region of the African Sahel. In this study we use the Lagrangian tridimensional model FLEXPART v9.0 to identify and characterise the moisture sources for the NRB. This method allows the int... ver más
Revista: Atmosphere

 
Yan Li, Hua Yu, Siqian Zheng, Yang Miao, Shi Yin, Peng Li and Ying Bian    
Rare earth elements (REEs) have undergone a steady spread in several industrial, agriculture and medical applications. With the aim of exploring a sensitive and reliable indicator of estimating exposure level to REEs, a simple, accurate and specific ICP-... ver más

 
Bimalendu B. Nath, Damayanti C. Gharpure    
All living cells respond to temperature stress through coordinated cellular, biochemical and molecular events known as ?heat shock response? and its genetic basis has been found to be evolutionarily conserved. Despite marked advances in stress research, ... ver más

 
Anna Rejeki Simbolon,Etty Riani,Yusli Wardiatno     Pág. 75
Waste containing heavy metals originating from human activity in Tangerang will go into the waters and tributaries of the Coastal District Tangerang. Heavy metals accumulate in bodies of water, sediment and biota scallop will go into the human body throu... ver más