A Multi-Analytical Study of Egyptian Funerary Artifacts from Three Portuguese Museum Collections
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Egyptian Artifacts in Portugal
1.2. The Egyptian Palette
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling
2.1.1. Mask #1 (Archive Ref. LJF 1-80)
2.1.2. Mask #2 (Archive Ref. MNA 228)
2.1.3. Mask #3 (Archive Ref. MNA 226)
2.1.4. Sarcophagus #1 (Archive Ref. LJF 1-89)
2.1.5. Sarcophagus #2 (Archive Ref. MNA 216)
2.2. Analytical Methodology
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Red and Yellow Pigments
3.2. Pink Pigments
3.3. Blue Pigments
3.4. Green Pigments
3.5. Purple Pigments vs. Black Pigments
3.6. Preparatory Layer
3.7. Binders
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Funerary Artifact | Sample Code | Colour | XRF | µFTIR | µRaman | SEM-EDS | Pigments | Preparatory Layer |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Funerary Mask #1 Late Period | 4 | Red | - | Calcite, gypsum, quartz, kaolinite | Haematite | C, O, Fe, Ti, Ca, Si | Red Ochre | Chalk |
5 | Beige | - | Calcite, gypsum, quartz, kaolinite | - | C, O, Fe, Ti, Ca, Si, Al, K, Mg | Red Ochre + Calcite | ||
7 | Black | - | EB, calcite, gypsum, calcium oxalate | - | C, O, Si, Ca, Cu (EB) | Egyptian Blue + Red Ochre | ||
Sarcophagus #1 Late Period–Roman Period | D3 | Green | - | - | - | Chalk | ||
D4 | Blue | - | EB, calcite, gypsum, calcium oxalate | - | O, C, Si, Ca, Sn, Na, Cu, Cl (EB) | Egyptian Blue | ||
Pink | - | Calcite, gypsum, quartz, kaolinite, calcium oxalate | - | O, C, S, As, Ca, Si, Fe | Red Ochre + Realgar + Calcite + Gypsum | |||
D8 | Red | - | Calcite, gypsum, quartz, kaolinite, calcium oxalate | - | O, C, S, As, Ca, Si, Fe | Red Ochre + Realgar | ||
Blue | - | EB, calcite, gypsum, calcium oxalate | - | O, C, Si, Ca, Sn, Na, Cu, Cl (EB) | Egyptian Blue | |||
Green | - | - | - | - | Egyptian Green | |||
Yellow | - | - | - | - | Yellow Ochre | |||
Funerary Mask #2 Late Period | M1-1 | Black | - | - | - | - | Egyptian Blue + Red Ochre | Chalk |
M1-3 | Blue | Cu, Ca, Fe | EB, calcite, gypsum | - | C, O, Si, Ca, Cu (EB) | Egyptian Blue | ||
Sarcophagus #2 Ptolemaic Period | M2-2 | Blue | - | - | - | C, O, Si, Ca, Cu (EB) | Egyptian Blue | Chalk |
M2-3 | Red | - | Calcite, gypsum | Cinnabar | - | Cinnabar + Red Ochre | ||
Funerary Mask #1 Ptolemaic Period | M3-1 | Blue | Cu, Ca, Fe | EB, calcite, gypsum | - | - | Egyptian Blue | Chalk |
M3-3 | Red | Hg, Ca, Fe | Calcite, gypsum | Cinnabar | - | Cinnabar + Red Ochre |
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Schiavon, N.; Panganiban, P.; Valadas, S.; Bottaini, C.; Barrocas Dias, C.; Manhita, A.; Candeias, A. A Multi-Analytical Study of Egyptian Funerary Artifacts from Three Portuguese Museum Collections. Heritage 2021, 4, 2973-2995. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040166
Schiavon N, Panganiban P, Valadas S, Bottaini C, Barrocas Dias C, Manhita A, Candeias A. A Multi-Analytical Study of Egyptian Funerary Artifacts from Three Portuguese Museum Collections. Heritage. 2021; 4(4):2973-2995. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040166
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchiavon, Nick, Patricia Panganiban, Sara Valadas, Carlo Bottaini, Cristina Barrocas Dias, Ana Manhita, and Antonio Candeias. 2021. "A Multi-Analytical Study of Egyptian Funerary Artifacts from Three Portuguese Museum Collections" Heritage 4, no. 4: 2973-2995. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040166