Caracteristicas clínicas, resistência e fatores de virulência em Staphylococcus aureus
Resumo
S. aureus está presente em cerca de 30% dos humanos de maneira assintomática e os sítios de maior prevalência são as fossas nasais, axilas e períneo.Este microrganismo pode causar diversos processos patológicos desde os mais simples como furúnculo e acne até mais os mais complexos como pneumonias, meningite, síndrome de choque tóxico, endocardites, infecções no trato urinário, infecções associadas com dispositivos intravasculares e corpos estranhos e sepse. Diversos estudos têm sido realizados a fim de aprimorar o entendimento dos mecanismos de transmissão e controle da disseminação deste patógeno, descrevendo as cepas encontradas em diferentes ambientes. Dentre os diversos fatores de virulência responsáveis pelas infecções, destacam-se a α-hemolisina, β-toxina, PSM-α, proteína A e a leucocidina Panton-Valentine, demonstrando um importante papel na patogênese por S. aureus. O uso racional de antimicrobianos para MRSA deve ser feito sabendo-se a terapia correta para o tratamento desta infecção de grande importância na comunidade científica. Uma rápida avaliação da etiologia da infecção é também relevante para a aplicação do tratamento adequado, pois nos casos de MRSA é fundamental no tratamento empírico, não começar somente com antibióticos betalactâmicos. Cada vez mais, os governos de todo o mundo estão começando a prestar atenção a um problema tão grave que ameaça as conquistas da medicina moderna. A era pós-antibiótico, em que infecções comuns e lesões menores podem matar, longe de ser uma fantasia, pode se tornar uma possibilidade muito real para o século 21.
Referências
AIRES DE SOUSA M, BARTZAVALI C, SPILIOPOULOU I., SANTOS SANCHES I, CRISÓSTOMO MI, DE LENCASTRE. 2003. Two International Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clones Endemic in a University Hospital in Patras, Greece. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 2027–2032.
ATSHAN SS, SHAMSUDIN MN, THIAN LUNG LT, SEKAWI Z, GHAZNAVI-RAD E, PEI PEI C. 2012. Comparative Characterisation of Genotypically Different Clones of MRSA in the Production of Biofilms. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2012.
BUBECK WARDENBURG J, BAE T, OTTO M, DELEO FR, SCHNEEWIND O. 2007. Poring over pores: alpha-hemolysin and Panton-Valentine leukocidin in Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. Nat. Med. 13: 1405–1406.
BUTTERLY A, SCHMIDT U, WIENER-KRONISH J. 2010. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization, its relationship to nosocomial infection, and efficacy of control methods. Anesthesiology 113: 1453–1459.
CARDOSO FL, et al. 2008. Análise sazonal do potencial antimicrobiano e teores de flavonoides e quinonas de extratos foliares de Aloe arborescens Mill., Xanthorrhoeaceae. Brazil J Pharmacog 20: 35-34.
CHAMBERS HF, DELEO FR. 2009. Waves of resistance: Staphylococcus aureus in the antibiotic era. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 7: 629–641.
DHAND A, SAKOULAS G. 2012. Reduced vancomycin susceptibility among clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates (“the MIC Creep”): implications for therapy. F1000 Med. Rep. 4: 4.
DIEP BA, et al. 2008. Emergence of Multidrug-Resistant, Community-Associated, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clone USA300 in Men Who Have Sex with Men. Ann. Intern. Med. 148: 249–257.
DIEP BA, SENSABAUGH GF, SOMBOONA NS, CARLETON HA, PERDREAU-REMINGTON F. 2004. Widespread Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections Due to Two Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Harboring the Genes for Panton-Valentine Leucocidin. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42: 2080–2084.
FALORD M, KARIMOVA G, HIRON A, MSADEK T. 2012. GraXSR Proteins Interact with the VraFG ABC Transporter To Form a Five-Component System Required for Cationic Antimicrobial Peptide Sensing and Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56, 1047–1058.
FEDORYSHYN M, et al. 2007. Surprising Production Of A New Urdamycin Derivative By S. Fradiae Δurdq/R. J Biotechnol 130: 32-38.
FRANCIS JS, et al. 2005. Severe community-onset pneumonia in healthy adults caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying the Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes. Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am. 40: 100–107.
FRAZEE BW, SALZ TO, LAMBERT L, PERDREAU-REMINGTON F. 2005. Fatal Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia in an Immunocompetent Young Adult. Ann. Emerg. Med. 46: 401–404.
GIAROLA LB, DOS SANTOS RR, BEDENDO J, DA SILVA JÚNIOR WV, BORELLI SD. 2012. HLA molecules and nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from dialysis and kidney transplant patients at a hospital in Southern Brazil. BMC Res. Notes 5: 90.
GILBERT M, et al. 2006. Outbreak in Alberta of community-acquired (USA300) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in people with a history of drug use, homelessness or incarceration. Cmaj 175:149-54.
GILLET Y, et al. 2002. Association between Staphylococcus aureus strains carrying gene for Panton-Valentine leukocidin and highly lethal necrotising pneumonia in young immunocompetent patients. Lancet 359:753-9.
GÓMEZ MI, LEE A, REDDY B, MUIR A, SOONG G, PITT A, CHEUNG A, PRINCE A. 2004. Staphylococcus aureus protein A induces airway epithelial inflammatory responses by activating TNFR1. Nat. Med. 10: 842–848.
GONZALEZ BE, et al. 2005. Pulmonary manifestations in children with invasive community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus infection. Clin Infect Dis 41:583-90.
GÖTZ F. 2002. Staphylococcus and biofilms. Mol. Microbiol. 43: 1367–1378.
GRAVET A, COLIN DA, KELLER D, GIRARDOT R, MONTEIL H, PRÉVOST G, GIRADOT R. 1998. Characterization of a novel structural member, LukE-LukD, of the bi-component staphylococcal leucotoxins family. FEBS Lett. 436: 202–208.
HAGIHARA M, UMEMURA T, MORI T, MIKAMO H. 2012. Daptomycin approved in Japan for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Ther. Clin. Risk Manag. 8: 79–86.
HAMILTON S.M et al. 2007. In Vitro Production of Panton-Valentine Leukocidin among Strains of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Causing Diverse Infections. Clin. Infect. Dis. 45: 1550–1558.
HAYASHIDA A, BARTLETT AH, FOSTER TJ, PARK PW. 2009. Staphylococcus aureus Beta-Toxin Induces Lung Injury through Syndecan-1. Am. J. Pathol. 174: 509–518.
HUANG YC, SU LH, WU TL, LIN TY. 2006. Changing Molecular Epidemiology of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Isolates from a Teaching Hospital in Northern Taiwan. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44: 2268–2270.
IPPOLITO G, LEONE S, LAURIA FN, NICASTRI E, WENZEL RP. 2010. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: the superbug. Int. J. Infect. Dis., 14: S7-S11.
JEVONS MP. 1961. “Celbenin "-resistant Staphylococci. British Med J 14: 124-125.
JONES TF, CREECH CB, ERWIN P, BAIRD SG, WORON AM, SCHAFFNER W. 2006. Family outbreaks of invasive community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Clin Infect Dis 42:e76-8.
KANEKO J, KAMIO Y. 2004. Bacterial two-component and hetero-heptameric pore-forming cytolytic toxins: structures, pore-forming mechanism, and organization of the genes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 68: 981-1003.
KATEETE DP, KIMANI CN, KATABAZI FA, OKENG A, OKEE MS, NANTEZA A, JOLOBA ML, NAJJUKA FC. 2010. Identification of Staphylococcus aureus: DNase and Mannitol salt agar improve the efficiency of the tube coagulase test. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob. 9: 23.
KIEDROWSKI MR, KAVANAUGH JS, MALONE CL, MOOTZ JM, VOYICH JM, SMELTZER MS, BAYLES KW, HORSWILL AR. 2011. Nuclease Modulates Biofilm Formation in Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS ONE 6: e26714.
KONG KF, VUONG C, OTTO M. 2006. Staphylococcus quorum sensing in biofilm formation and infection. Int. J. Med. Microbiol., 296: 133–139.
KOUIDHI B, et al. 2011. Antibacterial and resistance-modifying activities of thymoquinone against oral pathogens. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 10: 29.
LIN MH, SHU JC., HUANG HY, CHENG YC. 2012. Involvement of Iron in Biofilm Formation by Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS ONE 7: e34388.
LOWY FD. 2003. Antimicrobial resistance: the example of Staphylococcus aureus. J. Clin. Invest. 111: 1265–1273.
LUNA CM, RODRÍGUEZ-NORIEGA E, BAVESTRELLO L, GOTUZZO E. 2010. Treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Latin America. Braz. J. Infect. Dis. 14: 119–127.
MEHNDIRATTA P, BHALLA P. 2012. Typing of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A technical review. Indian J. Med. Microbiol. 30: 16.
MEST DR, WONG DH, SHIMODA KJ, MULLIGAN ME, WILSON SE. 1994. Nasal colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on admission to the surgical intensive care unit increases the risk of infection. Anesth. Analg. 78: 644–650.
MILLER LG, DIEP BA. 2008. Colonization, Fomites, and Virulence: Rethinking the Pathogenesis of Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 46: 752–760.
MORAN GJ, KRISHNADASAN A, GORWITZ RJ FOSHEIM GE, MCDOUGAL LK, CAREY RB, TALAN DA. 2006. Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus Infections among Patients in the Emergency Department. N. Engl. J. Med. 355: 666–674.
MURRAY PR, BARON EJ, JORGENSEN JH, PFALLER MA, YOLKEN RH, 2003. Staphylococcus; Micrococcus; and Other Catalase-Positive Cocci that Grow Aerobically. In: BALOWS A, HAUSLER Jr WJ, HERRMANN KL, ISENBERG HD, SHADOMY HJ, Manual of Clinical Microbiology, Washington : ASM Press, Washington D.C., USA, p. 384-404.
NADJA MFL, et al. 2002. Molluscicidal Hydroxynaphthoquinones and Derivatives: Correlation Between their Redox Potentials and Activity Against Biomphalaria glabrata. J Braz Chem Soc 13: 822-829.
NICOLAOU KC, et al. 2009. Total synthesis and biological evaluation of (+)- and (-)-bisanthraquinone antibiotic BE-43472B and related compounds. J Am Chem Soc 131: 14812-14826.
NIMMO GR, SCHOONEVELDT J, O’KANE G, MCCALL B, VICKERY A. 2000. Community Acquisition of Gentamicin-Sensitive Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Southeast Queensland, Australia. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38: 3926–3931.
PALAVECINO E. 2004. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Clin. Lab. Med., 24: 403–418.
PAN ES, DIEP BA, CHARLEBOIS ED, AUERSWALD C, CARLETON HA, SENSABAUGH GF, PERDREAU-REMINGTON F. 2005. Population Dynamics of Nasal Strains of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus—and Their Relation to Community-Associated Disease Activity. J. Infect. Dis. 192: 811–818.
PANDURANGAN K, et al. 2011. Design, synthesis and structure of novel para-quinones and their antibacterial activity. Chem Biol Drug Des 78: 787-799.
PARK SY, KIM SM, PARK SD. 2012. The Prevalence, Genotype and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of High- and Low-Level Mupirocin Resistant Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Ann. Dermatol. 24: 32–38.
PEREIRA EM, et al. 2006. Tabebuia avellanedae naphthoquinones: activity against methicillin-resistant staphylococcal strains, cytotoxic activity and in vivo dermal irritability analysis. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 5: 5.
POZZI C, et al. 2012. Methicillin Resistance Alters the Biofilm Phenotype and Attenuates Virulence in Staphylococcus aureus Device-Associated Infections. PLoS Pathog. 8: e1002626.
RAGLE BE, WARDENBURG JB. 2009. Anti-Alpha-Hemolysin Monoclonal Antibodies Mediate Protection against Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia. Infect. Immun. 77: 2712–2718.
RAMMELKAMP CH, MAXON T. 1942. Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to the Action of Penicillin. Exp. Biol. Med. 51: 386–389.
REVDIWALA S, RAJDEV BM, MULLA S. 2012. Characterization of Bacterial Etiologic Agents of Biofilm Formation in Medical Devices in Critical Care Setup. Crit. Care Res. Pract. e945805.
ROBINSON DA, et al. 2005. Re-emergence of early pandemic Staphylococcus aureus as a community-acquired meticillin-resistant clone. The Lancet 365: 1256–1258.
RUDKIN JK, EDWARDS AM, BOWDEN MG, BROWN EL, POZZI C, WATERS, EM, CHAN WC, WILLIAMS P, O’GARA JP, MASSEY RC. 2012. Methicillin Resistance Reduces the Virulence of Healthcare-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus by Interfering With the agr Quorum Sensing System. J. Infect. Dis. 205: 798–806.
SANTOS AL, et al. 2007. Staphylococcus aureus: Visitando uma cepa de importância hospitalar. J Bras Patol Med Lab 43: 413-423.
SHITTU AO, UDO EE, Lin J. 2009. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates expressing low- and high-level mupirocin resistance in Nigeria and South Africa. BMC Infect Dis 9: 10.
SHORE AC, DEASY EC, SLICKERS P, BRENNAN G, O’CONNELL B, MONECKE S, EHRICHT R, COLEMAN DC. 2011. Detection of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec Type XI Carrying Highly Divergent mecA, mecI, mecR1, blaZ, and ccr Genes in Human Clinical Isolates of Clonal Complex 130 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55: 3765–3773.
SOCHA A M, et al. 2006. New bisanthraquinone antibiotics and semi-synthetic derivatives with potent activity against clinical Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium isolates. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 14: 8446-8454.
THOENDEL M, KAVANAUGH JS, FLACK CE, HORSWILL AR. 2011. Peptide signaling in the Staphylococci. Chem. Rev. 111: 117–151.
UDO EE, PEARMAN JW, GRUBB WB, 1993. Genetic analysis of community isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Western Australia. J. Hosp. Infect. 25: 97–108.
VELAZQUEZ-MEZA ME, AIRES DE SOUSA M, ECHANIZ-AVILES G, SOLÓRZANO-SANTOS F, MIRANDA-NOVALES G, SILVA-SANCHEZ J, DE LENCASTRE H, 2004. Surveillance of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Pediatric Hospital in Mexico City during a 7-Year Period (1997 to 2003): Clonal Evolution and Impact of Infection Control. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42: 3877–3880.
VUONG C, SAENZ HL, GÖTZ F, OTTO M. 2000. Impact of the agr Quorum-Sensing System on Adherence to Polystyrene in Staphylococcus aureus. J. Infect. Dis. 182: 1688–1693.
WARDENBURG BJ, SCHNEEWIND O. 2008. Vaccine protection against Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. J Exp Med 205:287-94.
YOUNG BC. 2012. Evolutionary dynamics of Staphylococcus aureus during progression from carriage to disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 109: 4550–4555.
ZHANG J, et al. 2011. Synthesis and antibacterial activity study of a novel class of cationic anthraquinone analogs. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 19: 498-503.
ATSHAN SS, SHAMSUDIN MN, THIAN LUNG LT, SEKAWI Z, GHAZNAVI-RAD E, PEI PEI C. 2012. Comparative Characterisation of Genotypically Different Clones of MRSA in the Production of Biofilms. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2012.
BUBECK WARDENBURG J, BAE T, OTTO M, DELEO FR, SCHNEEWIND O. 2007. Poring over pores: alpha-hemolysin and Panton-Valentine leukocidin in Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. Nat. Med. 13: 1405–1406.
BUTTERLY A, SCHMIDT U, WIENER-KRONISH J. 2010. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization, its relationship to nosocomial infection, and efficacy of control methods. Anesthesiology 113: 1453–1459.
CARDOSO FL, et al. 2008. Análise sazonal do potencial antimicrobiano e teores de flavonoides e quinonas de extratos foliares de Aloe arborescens Mill., Xanthorrhoeaceae. Brazil J Pharmacog 20: 35-34.
CHAMBERS HF, DELEO FR. 2009. Waves of resistance: Staphylococcus aureus in the antibiotic era. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 7: 629–641.
DHAND A, SAKOULAS G. 2012. Reduced vancomycin susceptibility among clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates (“the MIC Creep”): implications for therapy. F1000 Med. Rep. 4: 4.
DIEP BA, et al. 2008. Emergence of Multidrug-Resistant, Community-Associated, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clone USA300 in Men Who Have Sex with Men. Ann. Intern. Med. 148: 249–257.
DIEP BA, SENSABAUGH GF, SOMBOONA NS, CARLETON HA, PERDREAU-REMINGTON F. 2004. Widespread Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections Due to Two Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Harboring the Genes for Panton-Valentine Leucocidin. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42: 2080–2084.
FALORD M, KARIMOVA G, HIRON A, MSADEK T. 2012. GraXSR Proteins Interact with the VraFG ABC Transporter To Form a Five-Component System Required for Cationic Antimicrobial Peptide Sensing and Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56, 1047–1058.
FEDORYSHYN M, et al. 2007. Surprising Production Of A New Urdamycin Derivative By S. Fradiae Δurdq/R. J Biotechnol 130: 32-38.
FRANCIS JS, et al. 2005. Severe community-onset pneumonia in healthy adults caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying the Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes. Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am. 40: 100–107.
FRAZEE BW, SALZ TO, LAMBERT L, PERDREAU-REMINGTON F. 2005. Fatal Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia in an Immunocompetent Young Adult. Ann. Emerg. Med. 46: 401–404.
GIAROLA LB, DOS SANTOS RR, BEDENDO J, DA SILVA JÚNIOR WV, BORELLI SD. 2012. HLA molecules and nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from dialysis and kidney transplant patients at a hospital in Southern Brazil. BMC Res. Notes 5: 90.
GILBERT M, et al. 2006. Outbreak in Alberta of community-acquired (USA300) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in people with a history of drug use, homelessness or incarceration. Cmaj 175:149-54.
GILLET Y, et al. 2002. Association between Staphylococcus aureus strains carrying gene for Panton-Valentine leukocidin and highly lethal necrotising pneumonia in young immunocompetent patients. Lancet 359:753-9.
GÓMEZ MI, LEE A, REDDY B, MUIR A, SOONG G, PITT A, CHEUNG A, PRINCE A. 2004. Staphylococcus aureus protein A induces airway epithelial inflammatory responses by activating TNFR1. Nat. Med. 10: 842–848.
GONZALEZ BE, et al. 2005. Pulmonary manifestations in children with invasive community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus infection. Clin Infect Dis 41:583-90.
GÖTZ F. 2002. Staphylococcus and biofilms. Mol. Microbiol. 43: 1367–1378.
GRAVET A, COLIN DA, KELLER D, GIRARDOT R, MONTEIL H, PRÉVOST G, GIRADOT R. 1998. Characterization of a novel structural member, LukE-LukD, of the bi-component staphylococcal leucotoxins family. FEBS Lett. 436: 202–208.
HAGIHARA M, UMEMURA T, MORI T, MIKAMO H. 2012. Daptomycin approved in Japan for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Ther. Clin. Risk Manag. 8: 79–86.
HAMILTON S.M et al. 2007. In Vitro Production of Panton-Valentine Leukocidin among Strains of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Causing Diverse Infections. Clin. Infect. Dis. 45: 1550–1558.
HAYASHIDA A, BARTLETT AH, FOSTER TJ, PARK PW. 2009. Staphylococcus aureus Beta-Toxin Induces Lung Injury through Syndecan-1. Am. J. Pathol. 174: 509–518.
HUANG YC, SU LH, WU TL, LIN TY. 2006. Changing Molecular Epidemiology of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Isolates from a Teaching Hospital in Northern Taiwan. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44: 2268–2270.
IPPOLITO G, LEONE S, LAURIA FN, NICASTRI E, WENZEL RP. 2010. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: the superbug. Int. J. Infect. Dis., 14: S7-S11.
JEVONS MP. 1961. “Celbenin "-resistant Staphylococci. British Med J 14: 124-125.
JONES TF, CREECH CB, ERWIN P, BAIRD SG, WORON AM, SCHAFFNER W. 2006. Family outbreaks of invasive community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Clin Infect Dis 42:e76-8.
KANEKO J, KAMIO Y. 2004. Bacterial two-component and hetero-heptameric pore-forming cytolytic toxins: structures, pore-forming mechanism, and organization of the genes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 68: 981-1003.
KATEETE DP, KIMANI CN, KATABAZI FA, OKENG A, OKEE MS, NANTEZA A, JOLOBA ML, NAJJUKA FC. 2010. Identification of Staphylococcus aureus: DNase and Mannitol salt agar improve the efficiency of the tube coagulase test. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob. 9: 23.
KIEDROWSKI MR, KAVANAUGH JS, MALONE CL, MOOTZ JM, VOYICH JM, SMELTZER MS, BAYLES KW, HORSWILL AR. 2011. Nuclease Modulates Biofilm Formation in Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS ONE 6: e26714.
KONG KF, VUONG C, OTTO M. 2006. Staphylococcus quorum sensing in biofilm formation and infection. Int. J. Med. Microbiol., 296: 133–139.
KOUIDHI B, et al. 2011. Antibacterial and resistance-modifying activities of thymoquinone against oral pathogens. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 10: 29.
LIN MH, SHU JC., HUANG HY, CHENG YC. 2012. Involvement of Iron in Biofilm Formation by Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS ONE 7: e34388.
LOWY FD. 2003. Antimicrobial resistance: the example of Staphylococcus aureus. J. Clin. Invest. 111: 1265–1273.
LUNA CM, RODRÍGUEZ-NORIEGA E, BAVESTRELLO L, GOTUZZO E. 2010. Treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Latin America. Braz. J. Infect. Dis. 14: 119–127.
MEHNDIRATTA P, BHALLA P. 2012. Typing of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A technical review. Indian J. Med. Microbiol. 30: 16.
MEST DR, WONG DH, SHIMODA KJ, MULLIGAN ME, WILSON SE. 1994. Nasal colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on admission to the surgical intensive care unit increases the risk of infection. Anesth. Analg. 78: 644–650.
MILLER LG, DIEP BA. 2008. Colonization, Fomites, and Virulence: Rethinking the Pathogenesis of Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 46: 752–760.
MORAN GJ, KRISHNADASAN A, GORWITZ RJ FOSHEIM GE, MCDOUGAL LK, CAREY RB, TALAN DA. 2006. Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus Infections among Patients in the Emergency Department. N. Engl. J. Med. 355: 666–674.
MURRAY PR, BARON EJ, JORGENSEN JH, PFALLER MA, YOLKEN RH, 2003. Staphylococcus; Micrococcus; and Other Catalase-Positive Cocci that Grow Aerobically. In: BALOWS A, HAUSLER Jr WJ, HERRMANN KL, ISENBERG HD, SHADOMY HJ, Manual of Clinical Microbiology, Washington : ASM Press, Washington D.C., USA, p. 384-404.
NADJA MFL, et al. 2002. Molluscicidal Hydroxynaphthoquinones and Derivatives: Correlation Between their Redox Potentials and Activity Against Biomphalaria glabrata. J Braz Chem Soc 13: 822-829.
NICOLAOU KC, et al. 2009. Total synthesis and biological evaluation of (+)- and (-)-bisanthraquinone antibiotic BE-43472B and related compounds. J Am Chem Soc 131: 14812-14826.
NIMMO GR, SCHOONEVELDT J, O’KANE G, MCCALL B, VICKERY A. 2000. Community Acquisition of Gentamicin-Sensitive Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Southeast Queensland, Australia. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38: 3926–3931.
PALAVECINO E. 2004. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Clin. Lab. Med., 24: 403–418.
PAN ES, DIEP BA, CHARLEBOIS ED, AUERSWALD C, CARLETON HA, SENSABAUGH GF, PERDREAU-REMINGTON F. 2005. Population Dynamics of Nasal Strains of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus—and Their Relation to Community-Associated Disease Activity. J. Infect. Dis. 192: 811–818.
PANDURANGAN K, et al. 2011. Design, synthesis and structure of novel para-quinones and their antibacterial activity. Chem Biol Drug Des 78: 787-799.
PARK SY, KIM SM, PARK SD. 2012. The Prevalence, Genotype and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of High- and Low-Level Mupirocin Resistant Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Ann. Dermatol. 24: 32–38.
PEREIRA EM, et al. 2006. Tabebuia avellanedae naphthoquinones: activity against methicillin-resistant staphylococcal strains, cytotoxic activity and in vivo dermal irritability analysis. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 5: 5.
POZZI C, et al. 2012. Methicillin Resistance Alters the Biofilm Phenotype and Attenuates Virulence in Staphylococcus aureus Device-Associated Infections. PLoS Pathog. 8: e1002626.
RAGLE BE, WARDENBURG JB. 2009. Anti-Alpha-Hemolysin Monoclonal Antibodies Mediate Protection against Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia. Infect. Immun. 77: 2712–2718.
RAMMELKAMP CH, MAXON T. 1942. Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to the Action of Penicillin. Exp. Biol. Med. 51: 386–389.
REVDIWALA S, RAJDEV BM, MULLA S. 2012. Characterization of Bacterial Etiologic Agents of Biofilm Formation in Medical Devices in Critical Care Setup. Crit. Care Res. Pract. e945805.
ROBINSON DA, et al. 2005. Re-emergence of early pandemic Staphylococcus aureus as a community-acquired meticillin-resistant clone. The Lancet 365: 1256–1258.
RUDKIN JK, EDWARDS AM, BOWDEN MG, BROWN EL, POZZI C, WATERS, EM, CHAN WC, WILLIAMS P, O’GARA JP, MASSEY RC. 2012. Methicillin Resistance Reduces the Virulence of Healthcare-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus by Interfering With the agr Quorum Sensing System. J. Infect. Dis. 205: 798–806.
SANTOS AL, et al. 2007. Staphylococcus aureus: Visitando uma cepa de importância hospitalar. J Bras Patol Med Lab 43: 413-423.
SHITTU AO, UDO EE, Lin J. 2009. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates expressing low- and high-level mupirocin resistance in Nigeria and South Africa. BMC Infect Dis 9: 10.
SHORE AC, DEASY EC, SLICKERS P, BRENNAN G, O’CONNELL B, MONECKE S, EHRICHT R, COLEMAN DC. 2011. Detection of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec Type XI Carrying Highly Divergent mecA, mecI, mecR1, blaZ, and ccr Genes in Human Clinical Isolates of Clonal Complex 130 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55: 3765–3773.
SOCHA A M, et al. 2006. New bisanthraquinone antibiotics and semi-synthetic derivatives with potent activity against clinical Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium isolates. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 14: 8446-8454.
THOENDEL M, KAVANAUGH JS, FLACK CE, HORSWILL AR. 2011. Peptide signaling in the Staphylococci. Chem. Rev. 111: 117–151.
UDO EE, PEARMAN JW, GRUBB WB, 1993. Genetic analysis of community isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Western Australia. J. Hosp. Infect. 25: 97–108.
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Publicado
2015-11-15
Como Citar
DIAS, Aline Peçanha Muzy; PINHEIRO, Marcos Gabriel; AGUIAR-ALVES, Fabio.
Caracteristicas clínicas, resistência e fatores de virulência em Staphylococcus aureus.
Acta Scientiae et Technicae, [S.l.], v. 3, n. 1, nov. 2015.
ISSN 2317-8957.
Disponível em: <http://www.uezo.rj.gov.br/ojs/index.php/ast/article/view/77>. Acesso em: 20 maio 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.17648/uezo-ast-v3i1.77.
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