BIOCARVÃO: REALIDADE E POTENCIAL DE USO NO MEIO FLORESTAL
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5902/1980509832128Palavras-chave:
crescimento vegetal, carbono pirogênico, fertilidade do soloResumo
O uso de resíduos vegetais carbonizados vem sendo resgatado e avaliado como alternativa para melhorar a qualidade do solo. O material gerado, denominado biocarvão, é o produto formado a partir da pirólise, que é a alteração térmica da biomassa em ambiente fechado, com suprimento limitado de oxigênio e em temperaturas relativamente baixas. A composição química e estrutural do biocarvão é altamente heterogênea, mas o pH é normalmente maior que sete. Algumas propriedades estão presentes em todos os biocarvões, incluindo alto teor de carbono e grau de aromaticidade, o que explica seu alto nível de recalcitrância. Contudo, a exata composição química e estrutural é dependente da combinação da matéria-prima e das condições de pirólise. Quando aplicado ao solo, o biocarvão pode aumentar o pH, a capacidade de troca de cátions, o teor de carbono orgânico e a disponibilidade de nutrientes; alterar a abundância e funcionamento de fungos micorrízicos e prover refúgio para microrganismos nos microporos do biocarvão; e melhorar a estrutura do solo e disponibilidade de água. Todas estas características de interação com o solo fazem com que a sua utilização no meio agrícola apresente normalmente efeitos positivos para o crescimento vegetal. Acredita-se também que a utilização de biocarvão possa contribuir para o sequestro de carbono, sendo considerado por muitos como “carbono negativo”, devido a sua capacidade de promover o crescimento vegetal e pela sua estabilidade no solo. Estudos com o biocarvão já atingiram proporções de escala mundial envolvendo diversas áreas e têm crescido muito nos últimos anos. No entanto, ainda existem muitas incertezas sobre a sua utilização na agricultura, devido principalmente ao fato de que os trabalhos publicados têm dado mais atenção a sua capacidade de manutenção e melhoria da fertilidade do solo e aumento da produtividade agrícola do que esclarecimentos dos possíveis riscos envolvidos na utilização do biocarvão.
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