Comprehensive Evaluation of Thermal Comfort in Ship Cabins: A Case Study of Ships in Yangtze River Basin, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Methodology
2.1. Research Area and Object
2.2. Research Methods
- Ta: dry-bulb temperature, °C
- Tmrt: mean radiant temperature, °C
- V: air speed, m/s
- Pa: relative humidity, %
- M: metabolic rate, met
- Icl: clothing insulation, clo
- Tr: mean radiant temperature, °C
- Tg: black-globe temperature, °C
- Va: air speed, m/s
- Ta: dry-bulb temperature, °C
- D: sphere diameter, m
- ε: emissivity
2.2.1. Questionnaires and Interviews
2.2.2. Data Monitoring and Collection
2.2.3. Simulation Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Overall Situation
3.2. Results of Questionnaire Survey
3.3. Index Monitoring in Different Cabins
3.3.1. Temperature Changes
3.3.2. Changes in Relative Humidity
3.3.3. Calculations of PMV/PPD in Real Environment
3.4. Results of Software Simulation
4. Discussion
4.1. Particularities of Cabin Environments
4.2. Further Discussion for the Results
4.3. Limitations of This Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Questionnaire regarding Thermal Comfort of Ships
Thermal Environment Survey | ||||||
(1) Date (dd/mm/yy) | ||||||
(2) Time | ||||||
(3) Gender | ||||||
□Man □Woman | ||||||
(4) Age | ||||||
□18–25 | ||||||
□25–35 | ||||||
□35–45 | ||||||
□45–60 | ||||||
□60 or more | ||||||
(5) In which department do you work? | ||||||
□Deck department | ||||||
□Engine department | ||||||
□Other sectors | ||||||
□Had experience on board, but not as a crew member | ||||||
(6) Dress on board the ship | ||||||
□Crew uniforms | ||||||
□Clothing that fits the season | ||||||
□Other | ||||||
(7) What is your activity level on the ship? | ||||||
□Active, often requiring walking or limb movements | ||||||
□Moderately active, with occasional physical movements required | ||||||
□Quiet and fixed, no need for frequent activity | ||||||
(8) Working on the ship, whether there have been headaches, dizziness and other phenomena | ||||||
□Frequent | ||||||
□Occasionally | ||||||
□Less common | ||||||
□Never | ||||||
(9) What do you think of the thermal comfort level of the cabin (without air conditioning) indoor environment? | ||||||
□Intolerable | ||||||
□Very uncomfortable | ||||||
□Not comfortable | ||||||
□Slightly uncomfortable | ||||||
□Comfortable | ||||||
(10) In the summer, in order to achieve a comfortable experience you think the cabin indoor temperature should be? | ||||||
□Elevated | ||||||
□Unchanged | ||||||
□Lower | ||||||
(11) In winter, in order to achieve a comfortable experience you think the cabin indoor temperature should be | ||||||
□Elevated | ||||||
□Unchanged | ||||||
□Lower | ||||||
(12) In the summer, in order to achieve a comfortable experience you think the cabin indoor wind speed should be | ||||||
□Elevated | ||||||
□Unchanged | ||||||
□Lower | ||||||
(13) In winter, in order to achieve a comfortable experience you think the cabin indoor wind speed should be | ||||||
□Elevated | ||||||
□Unchanged | ||||||
□Lower | ||||||
(14) In the summer, in order to achieve a comfortable experience you think the cabin indoor humidity should be | ||||||
□Elevated | ||||||
□Unchanged | ||||||
□Lower | ||||||
(15) In winter, in order to achieve a comfortable experience you think the cabin indoor humidity should be | ||||||
□Elevated | ||||||
□Unchanged | ||||||
□Lower | ||||||
(16) In general, do you think the thermal environment of the cabin (without air conditioning) is acceptable | ||||||
□Acceptable | ||||||
□Unacceptable | ||||||
(17) Do you think the furniture in the cabin is properly arranged | ||||||
□Reasonable | ||||||
□Irrationality | ||||||
(18) Can you detect the difference in thermal comfort when guiding the ship to different waters | ||||||
□Feel the difference | ||||||
□No difference is felt | ||||||
(19) When the ship is working or the two ships meet back to produce a large noise, will you feel more dry and hot or stuffy | ||||||
□Yes | ||||||
□No | ||||||
(20) The degree of impact of the ship’s vibration and noise on you is (gradually increasing from 1 to 5) | ||||||
□Shake | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
□Noises | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
(21) What do you think of the height of the suspended ceiling in the cabin | ||||||
□High | ||||||
□Moderate | ||||||
□Short | ||||||
(22) The overall feeling of the space in the cabin is | ||||||
□Empty | ||||||
□Moderate | ||||||
□Narrow | ||||||
(23) As a ship employee (or a frequent passenger), do you feel like you have better heat or cold resistance than others | ||||||
□Yes | ||||||
□No | ||||||
(24) Have you ever had glare on a ship | ||||||
□Appeared | ||||||
□It didn’t appear | ||||||
(25) What other suggestions do you have for cabin comfort improvements | ||||||
Appendix B. Comparison of Measurements in PMV-PPD Simulation for Meeting, Stern Winch, and Engine Cabins
References
- Osterman, C.; Hult, C.; Praetorius, G. Occupational safety and health for service crew on passenger ships. Saf. Sci. 2019, 121, 403–413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rupp, R.F.; Ghisi, E. Predicting thermal comfort in office buildings in a Brazilian temperate and humid climate. Energy Build. 2017, 144, 152–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martinez-Molina, A.; Boarin, P.; Tort-Ausina, I.; Vivancos, J.L. Post-occupancy evaluation of a historic primary school in Spain: Comparing PMV, TSV and PD for teachers’ and pupils’ thermal comfort. Build. Environ. 2017, 117, 248–259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, D.; Qu, B.Y.; Liu, P.F.; An, Z.J. Comprehensive evaluation and optimization of rural space heating modes in cold areas based on PMV-PPD. Energy Build. 2021, 246, 111120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rupp, R.F.; Vasquez, N.G.; Lamberts, R. A review of human thermal comfort in the built environment. Energy Build. 2015, 105, 178–205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zare, S.; Hasheminezhad, N.; Sarebanzadeh, K.; Zolala, F.; Hemmatjo, R.; Hassanvand, D. Assessing thermal comfort in tourist attractions through objective and subjective procedures based on ISO 7730 standard: A field study. Urban Clim. 2018, 26, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kosonen, R.; Tan, F. Assessment of productivity loss in air-conditioned buildings using PMV index. Energy Build. 2004, 36, 987–993. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- ISO7730:2006; Ergonomics of the Therma Environment. ISO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2006; p. 42.
- ASHRAE55; ANSI/ASHRAE Standard55, Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy. ANSI/ASHRAE Stand; ASHRAE: Atlanta, GA, USA, 2004. [CrossRef]
- EN15251; Indoor Environmental Input Parameters for Design and Assessment of Energy Performance of Buildings–Addressing Indoor Air Quality, Thermal Environment, Lighting and Acoustics. European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium, 2007; Volume 3, pp. 1–57. [CrossRef]
- Li, B.Z.; Yao, R.M.; Wang, Q.Q.; Pan, Y.G. An introduction to the Chinese Evaluation Standard for the indoor thermal environment. Energy Build. 2014, 82, 27–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ikeda, H.; Nakaya, T.; Nakagawa, A.; Maeda, Y. An investigation of indoor thermal environment in semi-cold region in Japan—Validity of thermal predictive indices in Nagano during the summer season. J. Build. Eng. 2020, 35, 101897. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, H.; Yang, R.Q.; You, S.J.; Zheng, W.D.; Zheng, X.J.; Ye, T.Z. The CPMV index for evaluating indoor thermal comfort in buildings with solar radiation. Build. Environ. 2018, 134, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nikolopoulou, M.; Steemers, K. Thermal comfort and psychological adaptation as a guide for designing urban spaces. Energy Build. 2003, 35, 95–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fanger, P.O.; Toftum, J. Extension of the PMV model to non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates. Energy Build. 2002, 34, 533–536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schminder, J.; Gardhagen, R. A generic simulation model for prediction of thermal conditions and human performance in cockpits. Build. Environ. 2018, 143, 120–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Liu, H.M.; Lian, Z.W.; Gong, Z.H.; Wang, Y.C.; Yu, G.J. Thermal comfort, vibration, and noise in Chinese ship cabin environment in winter time. Build. Environ. 2018, 135, 104–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, S.; He, W.P.; Chen, D.K.; Chu, J.J.; Fan, H.; Duan, X.S. Thermal comfort analysis based on PMV/PPD in cabins of manned submersibles. Build. Environ. 2018, 148, 668–676. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, S.; Xu, L.; Fang, Y.; Xia, M.; Liu, Y. Numerical Simulation Analysis of Thermal Comfort in Different Arrangement of Cruise Cabin. J. Wuhan Univ. Technol. (Transp. Sci. Eng.) 2021, 45, 896–900. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Guo, H.S.; Aviv, D.; Loyola, M.; Teitelbaum, E.; Houchois, N.; Meggers, F. On the understanding of the mean radiant temperature within both the indoor and outdoor environment, a critical review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2019, 117, 109207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zahid, H.; Elmansoury, O.; Yaagoubi, R. Dynamic Predicted Mean Vote: An IoT-BIM integrated approach for indoor thermal comfort optimization. Autom. Constr. 2021, 129, 103805. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luo, M.H.; Wang, Z.; Brager, G.; Cao, B.; Zhu, Y.X. Indoor climate experience, migration, and thermal comfort expectation in buildings. Build. Environ. 2018, 141, 262–272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, H.M.; Ni, J.J.; Xing, N.; Han, H.D. An Investigation and Analysis of Indoor Environment in Air-Conditioned Chinese Ship Vessel Cabins. Indoor Built Environ. 2011, 20, 377–385. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goujard, B.; Sakout, A.; Valeau, V. Acoustic comfort on board ships: An evaluation based on a questionnaire. Appl. Acoust. 2005, 66, 1063–1073. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Y.; Geng, S.B.; Zhang, X.S.; Zhang, H. Study of thermal comfort in underground construction based on field measurements and questionnaires in China. Build. Environ. 2017, 116, 45–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Amindeldar, S.; Heidari, S.; Khalili, M. The effect of personal and microclimatic variables on outdoor thermal comfort: A field study in Tehran in cold season. Sustain. Cities Soc. 2017, 32, 153–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rossi, F.; Cardinali, M.; Di Giuseppe, A.; Castellani, B.; Nicolini, A. Outdoor thermal comfort improvement with advanced solar awnings: Subjective and objective survey. Build. Environ. 2022, 215, 108967. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ioannou, A.; Itard, L.; Agarwal, T. In-situ real time measurements of thermal comfort and comparison with the adaptive comfort theory in Dutch residential dwellings. Energy Build. 2018, 170, 229–241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alfano, F.R.D.; Olesen, B.W.; Palella, B.I.; Riccio, G. Thermal comfort: Design and assessment for energy saving. Energy Build. 2014, 81, 326–336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shaikh, P.H.; Nor, N.B.; Nallagownden, P.; Elamvazuthi, I.; Ibrahim, T. A review on optimized control systems for building energy and comfort management of smart sustainable buildings. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2014, 34, 409–429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vidhyashankar, R.; Vinze, R.; Nagarathinam, S.; Natrajan, V.K. Modelling spatial variations in thermal comfort in indoor open-plan spaces using a whole-building simulation tool. J. Build. Eng. 2021, 46, 103727. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nowak-Dzieszko, K.; Rojewska-Warchał, M. Influence of the Balcony Glazing Construction on Thermal Comfort of Apartments in Retrofitted Large Panel Buildings. Procedia Eng. 2015, 108, 481–487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hongmin, L. Simulation and Optimization of Indoor Thermal Environment in a Ship Air-conditioning System. Procedia Environ. Sci. 2011, 11, 1055–1063. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhou, Y.; Gao, W.; Yang, C.; Shen, Y. Exploratory analysis of the influence of landscape patterns on lake cooling effect in Wuhan, China. Urban Clim. 2021, 39, 100969. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fanger, P.O. Thermal Comfort: Analysis and Applications in Environmental Engineering; Danish Technical Press: Copenhagen, Denmark, 1970. [Google Scholar]
- Enescu, D. A review of thermal comfort models and indicators for indoor environments. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2017, 79, 1353–1379. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Frontczak, M.; Wargocki, P. Literature survey on how different factors influence human comfort in indoor environments. Build. Environ. 2011, 46, 922–937. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vanos, J.K.; Rykaczewski, K.; Middel, A.; Vecellio, D.J.; Brown, R.D.; Gillespie, T.J. Improved methods for estimating mean radiant temperature in hot and sunny outdoor settings. Int. J. Biometeorol. 2021, 65, 967–983. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kuehn, L.A.; Stubbs, R.A.; Weaver, R.S. Theory of the globe thermometer. J. Appl. Physiol. 1970, 29, 750–757. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- ASHRAE. Handbook Fundamentals; ASHRAE: Atlanta, GA, USA, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Ashrae Standard 169-2020; Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers: Atlanta, GA, USA, 2020.
- Zhang, Y.; Zhou, X.; Zheng, Z.; Oladokun, M.O.; Fang, Z. Experimental investigation into the effects of different metabolic rates of body movement on thermal comfort. Build. Environ. 2019, 168, 106489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hoyt, T.; Schiavon, S.; Tartarini, F.; Cheung, T.; Steinfeld, K.; Piccioli, A.; Moon, D. CBE Thermal Comfort Tool; Center for the Built Environment, University of California Berkeley: Berkeley, CA, USA, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Diler, Y.; Turhan, C.; Durmuş Arsan, Z.; Gökçen Akkurt, G. Thermal comfort analysis of historical mosques. Case study: The Ulu mosque, Manisa, Turkey. Energy Build. 2021, 252, 111441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, G.; Wang, Z.; Li, C.; Hu, S.; Chen, X.; Liang, P. Heat exchange character and thermal comfort of young people in the building with solar radiation in winter. Build. Environ. 2020, 179, 106937. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Label | Cabin | Function | Room Size |
---|---|---|---|
A | Top Living Cabin | Living | |
B | Meeting Cabin | Work | |
C | Stern Winch Cabin | Store | |
D | Engine Cabin | Work |
Technical Parameter | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Name and Model | Measured Parameters | Range | Precision | Distinguishability |
Qingping Temp and RH | Dry-bulb temperature Relative humidity | −10~+50 °C 0~100%RH | ±0.5 °C ±2.5%RH | 0.1 °C 0.1%RH |
Swema3000-Black-Bulb Thermometer | Black globe temperature | −10~+50 °C | ±0.3 °C | 0.1 °C 0.1%RH |
Testo405v1-Thermal anemometer | Wind speed | 0~10 m/s | ±0.1 m/s (0~+2 m/s) | 0.01 m/s |
Testo 869-Thermal imager | Thermal image | −20~280 °C | ±2 °C | 0.1 °C |
DesignBuilder parameters | ||||
Location | Location Template | Wuhan | ||
Exposure to wind | 3-Exposed | |||
Ground Texture | Flowing water | |||
Activity | Activity Template | Depending on the room | ||
Metabolic | Seated quiet (1.00 met) | |||
Clothing | Winter | 1.00 clo | ||
Summer | 0.50 clo | |||
Construction | Walls U-value | 0.500 W/m2-K | ||
Roof U-value | Top living cabin | 0.460 W/m2-K | ||
Meeting cabin | ||||
Stern winch cabin | 0.600 W/m2-K | |||
Engine cabin | ||||
Floor U-value | 0.460 W/m2-K | |||
Calculation Options | Data | Dec2-Dec5 | ||
Output Intervals for Reporting | Sub-hourly |
(Q7) The Level of Activity on Board the Ship? | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Title | Option | Active, Often Requiring Walking or Limb Movements | Moderately Active, with Occasional Physical Movements Required | Quiet and Fixed, No Need for Frequent Activity | Total | p |
(Q16) Do you think the thermal environment of the cabin (without air conditioning) is acceptable? | Acceptable | 18 (39.13%) | 63 (52.50%) | 12 (30.00%) | 93 (45.15%) | 0.030 * |
Unacceptable | 28 (60.87%) | 57 (47.50%) | 28 (70.00%) | 113 (54.85%) | ||
Total | 46 | 120 | 40 | 206 |
(Q5) The Subordinate Department on Board the Ship? | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Title | Option | Deck Department | Engine Department | Other Sectors | Had Experience on Board, but Not as a Crew Member | Total | p |
(Q18) Can you detect the difference in thermal comfort when guiding the ship to different water areas? | Yes | 51 (72.86%) | 53 (58.89%) | 7 (35.00%) | 14 (53.85%) | 125 (60.68%) | 0.015 * |
No | 19 (27.14%) | 37 (41.11%) | 13 (65.00%) | 12 (46.15%) | 81 (39.32%) | ||
Total | 70 | 90 | 20 | 26 | 206 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Xie, D.; Li, K. Comprehensive Evaluation of Thermal Comfort in Ship Cabins: A Case Study of Ships in Yangtze River Basin, China. Buildings 2022, 12, 1766. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101766
Xie D, Li K. Comprehensive Evaluation of Thermal Comfort in Ship Cabins: A Case Study of Ships in Yangtze River Basin, China. Buildings. 2022; 12(10):1766. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101766
Chicago/Turabian StyleXie, Dong, and Kun Li. 2022. "Comprehensive Evaluation of Thermal Comfort in Ship Cabins: A Case Study of Ships in Yangtze River Basin, China" Buildings 12, no. 10: 1766. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101766