Antimicrobial Effect of Carbon Nanodots–ZnO Nanocomposite Synthesized Using Sargassum horneri
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Synthesis of CNDs–ZnO Nanocomposite
2.3. Preparation of “CNDs Alone” and Pure ZnO Nanoparticles
2.4. Characterization of CNDs–ZnO
2.5. Antibacterial Test
2.6. Antifungal Test
2.7. Toxicity Test in Zebrafish Embryos
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Optical Properties of the CNDs–ZnO
3.2. Morphological Characteristics of the CNDs–ZnO
3.3. Disk Diffusion Test for Antibacterial Activity
3.4. MIC test and Growth Curve Inhibition Analysis
3.5. Disk Diffusion Test for Antifungal Activity
3.6. Toxicity Evaluation of the CNDs–ZnO
4. Conclusions
5. Patents
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bacteria | mm of Inhibition Zone (Mean ± SD) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pure ZnO (Commercial) | Pure ZnO (Synthesized) | CNDs Alone | CNDs–ZnO-1 | CNDs–ZnO-2 | 10% Clorox | ||
Gram-negative | E. coli | 10 ± 1 | Negligible | - | 22 ± 3 | 22 ± 2 | 21 ± 2 |
S. typhimurium | Negligible | Negligible | - | 21 ± 2 | 20 ± 2 | 25 ± 1 | |
V. alginolyticus | 17 ± 1 | 15 ± 1 | - | 35 ± 6 | 35 ± 8 | >70 | |
Gram-positive | B. cereus | Negligible | Negligible | - | 17 ± 2 | 16 ± 2 | 22 ± 2 |
S. aureus | 13 | 12 ± 2 | - | 25 ± 4 | 25 ± 4 | 23 ± 3 |
Bacteria | mm of Inhibition Zone (Mean ± SD) | Photo-Enhanced Antibacterial Activity | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UV on | UV off (From Table 1) | |||||
CNDs–ZnO-1 | CNDs–ZnO-2 | CNDs–ZnO-1 | CNDs–ZnO-2 | |||
Gram-negative | E. coli | 22 ± 3 | 21 ± 2 | 22 ± 3 | 22 ± 2 | - |
S. typhimurium | 21 ± 2 | 21 ± 2 | 21 ± 2 | 20 ± 2 | - | |
V. alginolyticus | 36 ± 9 | 37 ± 10 | 35 ± 6 | 35 ± 8 | Yes | |
Gram-positive | B. cereus | 18 ± 4 | 20 ± 2 | 17 ± 2 | 16 ± 2 | Yes |
S. aureus | 26 ± 4 | 27 ± 3 | 25 ± 4 | 25 ± 4 | Yes |
Conc. | Reaction | Bacteria | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E. coli | B. cereus | S. typhimurium | S. aureus | V. alginolyticus | |||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
1 | No treatment | 1.695 | 0.054 | 1.205 | 0.110 | 1.582 | 0.012 | 1.178 | 0.033 | 1.389 | 0.009 |
with CNDs–ZnO | 0.375 | 0.019 | 0.399 | 0.098 | 0.371 | 0.050 | 0.418 | 0.056 | 0.112 | 0.006 | |
2 | No treatment | 1.570 | 0.021 | 1.176 | 0.061 | 1.555 | 0.056 | 1.096 | 0.012 | 1.610 | 0.213 |
with CNDs–ZnO | 0.243 | 0.057 | 0.229 | 0.041 | 0.285 | 0.053 | 0.250 | 0.010 | 0.113 | 0.004 | |
3 | No treatment | 1.531 | 0.053 | 1.207 | 0.105 | 1.565 | 0.051 | 1.112 | 0.006 | 1.628 | 0.268 |
with CNDs–ZnO | 0.124 | 0.005 | 0.123 | 0.005 | 0.125 | 0.016 | 0.111 | 0.005 | 0.119 | 0.024 | |
4 | No treatment | 1.536 | 0.126 | 1.198 | 0.089 | 1.520 | 0.009 | 1.119 | 0.012 | 1.685 | 0.213 |
with CNDs–ZnO | 0.111 | 0.012 | 0.105 | 0.006 | 0.107 | 0.006 | 0.091 | 0.034 | 0.114 | 0.017 | |
5 | No treatment | 1.517 | 0.051 | 1.217 | 0.063 | 1.505 | 0.016 | 1.114 | 0.036 | 1.582 | 0.199 |
with CNDs–ZnO | 0.062 | 0.013 | 0.384 | 0.109 | 0.056 | 0.005 | 0.064 | 0.018 | 0.146 | 0.037 | |
6 | No treatment | 1.425 | 0.117 | 1.191 | 0.116 | 1.472 | 0.012 | 1.180 | 0.044 | 1.594 | 0.208 |
with CNDs–ZnO | 1.135 | 0.154 | 0.940 | 0.126 | 1.162 | 0.164 | 0.047 | 0.001 | 0.150 | 0.040 | |
7 | No treatment | 1.477 | 0.108 | 1.197 | 0.062 | 1.498 | 0.013 | 1.126 | 0.001 | 1.578 | 0.221 |
with CNDs–ZnO | 1.388 | 0.055 | 1.061 | 0.116 | 1.317 | 0.057 | 0.044 | 0.003 | 0.276 | 0.079 | |
8 | No treatment | 1.478 | 0.101 | 1.206 | 0.061 | 1.486 | 0.014 | 1.149 | 0.024 | 1.568 | 0.143 |
with CNDs–ZnO | 1.485 | 0.069 | 1.175 | 0.084 | 1.386 | 0.057 | 0.802 | 0.051 | 0.268 | 0.070 | |
9 | No treatment | 1.456 | 0.109 | 1.289 | 0.101 | 1.462 | 0.002 | 1.131 | 0.025 | 1.522 | 0.132 |
with CNDs–ZnO | 1.383 | 0.106 | 1.182 | 0.064 | 1.447 | 0.001 | 1.118 | 0.004 | 0.952 | 0.042 | |
10 | No treatment | 1.419 | 0.092 | 1.225 | 0.059 | 1.449 | 0.002 | 1.138 | 0.052 | 1.485 | 0.140 |
with CNDs–ZnO | 1.401 | 0.080 | 1.172 | 0.054 | 1.470 | 0.011 | 1.150 | 0.021 | 1.429 | 0.051 | |
11 | No treatment | 1.439 | 0.082 | 1.199 | 0.061 | 1.457 | 0.002 | 1.128 | 0.060 | 1.428 | 0.106 |
with CNDs–ZnO | 1.413 | 0.075 | 1.200 | 0.068 | 1.453 | 0.018 | 1.180 | 0.009 | 1.546 | 0.063 |
Fungi | mm of Inhibition Zone (Mean ± SD) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Pure ZnO (Commercial) | CNDs–ZnO-1 | CNDs–ZnO-2 | ||
Mold | A. flavus | - | 14 ± 1 | 15 ± 1 |
A. niger | Negligible | 22 ± 2 | 23 ± 2 | |
A. terreus | - | 12 ± 1 | 13 ± 1 | |
Yeast | R. mucilaginosa | Negligible | 24 ± 1 | 28 ± 2 |
S. cerevisiae | - | 12 ± 1 | 16 ± 1 |
Time | Developmental Rate of Zebrafish Embryos (%) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chlorine Bleach | Pure ZnO | Dilution Ratio of CNDs–ZnO | ||||||||||
CNDs–ZnO-1 | CNDs–ZnO-2 | |||||||||||
0 | 1:10 | 1:100 | 1:1000 | 1:10,000 | 0 | 1:10 | 1:100 | 1:1000 | 1:10,000 | |||
0 h | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
0.5 h | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
24 h | 0 | 0 | 0 | 80 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 80 | 60 | 100 | 100 |
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Kim, K.W.; Chung, D.; Jung, S.-H.; Kwon, Y.M.; Kim, J.Y.H.; Baek, K. Antimicrobial Effect of Carbon Nanodots–ZnO Nanocomposite Synthesized Using Sargassum horneri. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, 1546. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10101546
Kim KW, Chung D, Jung S-H, Kwon YM, Kim JYH, Baek K. Antimicrobial Effect of Carbon Nanodots–ZnO Nanocomposite Synthesized Using Sargassum horneri. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2022; 10(10):1546. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10101546
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Kyung Woo, Dawoon Chung, Seung-Hyun Jung, Yong Min Kwon, Jawoon Young Hwan Kim, and Kyunghwa Baek. 2022. "Antimicrobial Effect of Carbon Nanodots–ZnO Nanocomposite Synthesized Using Sargassum horneri" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 10: 1546. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10101546