ARTÍCULO
TITULO

The antioxidant properties of calafate (Berberis microphylla) fruits from four different locations in southern Chile. Cien. Inv. Agr. 40(1):161-170.

Emilia Mariangel    
Marjorie Reyes-Diaz    
Walter Lobos    
Emma Bensch    
Heidi Schalchli    
Pamela Ibarra    

Resumen

The antioxidant capacity (AC), total anthocyanins (TA) and total phenols (TP) of calafate fruit from four locations in southern Chile (El Blanco, Lonquimay, Mañihuales and Temuco) were determined using both the free radical 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and the linoleic acid oxidation inhibition method as well as the pH-differential and Folin-Ciocalteu methods. Phenolic compounds were also identified using HPLC-DAD (High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode-Array Detection). The results showed that TP varied significantly according to the location. Mañihuales was noteworthy, with 34.9 mg of GAE g-1 dried fruit. The measured AC level depended on the methodology used, varying significantly between locations according to the DPPH results. Mañihuales was again noteworthy, with the highest AC values (9.4 mg of TE g-1 dried fruit). The results based on the inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation showed no significant differences between Temuco and El Blanco, and the highest value was found for Mañihuales (0.25 mg of TE g-1 dried fruit). The TA showed significant differences among locations and was highest for El Blanco (0.64 mg of cyanidin g-1 dried fruit). The phenolic acid compounds that were identified included gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid and flavonoids such as rutin, myricetin, quercetin and kaempferol. These compounds varied according to location. Temuco showed a higher content of coumaric acid; Lonquimay of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, coumaric acid and flavonoids such as rutin and quercetin; Mañihuales of gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid and flavonoids such as rutin and quercetin; and El Blanco of caffeic acid and flavonoids such as myricetin, quercetin and kaempferol. The AC was positively correlated with TP (DPPH r=1, linoleic acid r=0.84). In contrast, a low correlation was obtained between AC and TA (DPPH r=0.31; linoleic acid r=-0.28) and between TP and AT (r=0.27). It is concluded that calafate fruits from different geographical areas of southern Chile show statistically significant differences in antioxidant capacity, total phenols, anthocyanins and phenolic compounds, with Mañihuales showing the highest values for these parameters. The chemical composition of the fruits also varies with the origin of the samples.Se determinó la capacidad antioxidante (CA), antocianinas totales (AT) y fenoles totales (FT) de frutos de calafate de cuatro localidades del sur de Chile (El Blanco, Lonquimay, Mañihuales y Temuco) utilizando los métodos del radical libre 2,2-difenil -1- picrilhidrazil (DPPH) y la capacidad de inhibir la oxidación del ácido linoleico, así como pH diferencial y el método de Folin-Ciocalteu. Además, se identificaron los compuestos fenólicos por medio de HPLC-DAD (Cromatografía líquida de alta eficacia- con Detección por Arreglo de Diodos). Los resultados mostraron que los FT variaron significativamente según la localidad, destacándose Mañihuales con 34,9 mg GAE g-1 de fruta seca. La CA varió de acuerdo con la metodología, por DPPH varió significativamente entre localidades, y de nuevo se destacó Mañihuales con los valores más altos de CA (9,4 mg de TE g-1 de frutas secas). La inhibición de la oxidación del ácido linoleico reveló que no hubo diferencias significativas entre Temuco y El Blanco, presentando Mañihuales el valor más alto (0,25 mg de TE g-1 de fruta seca). Las AT mostraron diferencias significativas entre localidades, siendo El Blanco el mayor (0,64 mg de cianidina g-1 fruta seca). En relación a los compuestos fenólicos, fueron identificados ácido gálico, ácido clorogénico, ácido cafeico, ácido cumárico, ácido ferúlico, y flavonoides como rutina, miricetina, quercetina y kaempferol. Estos compuestos variaron de acuerdo a la localidad: Temuco mostró un valor más alto de ácido cumárico; Lonquimay en ácido clorogénico, ácido cafeico, ácido cumárico, y flavonoides como rutina y quercetina; Mañihuales en ácido gálico, ácido clorogénico, ácido cafeico, ácido ferúlico y favonoides como la rutina y la quercetina; El Blanco en ácido cafeico y flavonoides como miricetina, quercetina y kaempferol. La CA se correlacionó positivamente con FT (DPPH r=1; ácido linoleico r=0,84). Por el contrario, se obtuvo una baja correlación entre la CA y AT (DPPH r=0,31; ácido linoleico r=-0,28), y entre FT y AT (r=0,27). Se concluye que los frutos de calafate de diferentes áreas geográficas del sur de Chile tienen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en su CA, FT, AT y compuestos fenólicos, siendo Mañihuales el área que presentó los valores más altos para estos parámetros. La composición química de los frutos también varió dependiendo del origen de las muestras.

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