Resumen
The tropical cyclone (TC) Rammasun (1409) successively caused three extreme rainstorms centered in Hepu, Fangcheng, and Lingshan in Guangxi. In this study, a set of datasets, including the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) TC best-track data, rain gauge stations, radar products, and the latest ERA5 reanalysis, were used to investigate the spatial?temporal characteristics and causes of the three rainstorms. Overall, there are apparent discrepancies among them regarding the triggering and maintenance mechanisms. Prior to its landfall in Guangxi, the rainstorm surge (hourly precipitation 136.9 mm) around Hepu was triggered by the approaching low-level jet and northward intrusion of convective instability in the context of abundant vapor supply and vigorous convection. At the weakening stage, Rammasun gradually crossed over the Shiwan Mountains, with a strong convection zone in the western eyewall moving to Fangcheng, which enhanced the precipitation there under the help of topographic uplift. The friction effect slowed down the TC, and contributed to accumulation of the precipitation, which, however, was somewhat suppressed (hourly precipitation less than 50 mm) by the low-level stratification. In the decaying stage, the Lingshan rainstorm was triggered under the combined efforts of the high-level divergence due to the expansion of the South Asian high and the surface convergence between the southeasterly and southerly winds, accompanied by the westward expansion of the high-energy zone. Finally, the corresponding conceptual models for the three rainstorms are summarized and should provide important implications to both research and forecasting for TC-related heavy precipitation.