Resumen
Groundwater is important for maintaining ecosystem balance. However, the ecological value of groundwater is always undervalued, while its value as water resources is emphasized. Thus, this paper divided the systematic valuation of groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs) into three categories, and its services into four categories based on the utilization. In addition, a service valuation system was developed, with ten indicators and nine assessment models for the GDEs. We then used this model to value the GDEs services of Handan city in 2015 as a case study, with seven relevant indicators. The results show that the total value of Handan?s GDEs is 9.10 billion Renminbi (RMB, Chinese unit of currency), including a direct use value of 3.53 billion, and an indirect use value of RMB 5.57 billion. These results highlight the significant indirect use value of GDEs. Consequently, groundwater resources should be rationally exploited to maximize both direct and indirect service values on the basis of a comprehensive understanding of the inherent value of the resource.